传承宝典33 一种适应更广泛家族目标的投资策略
传承宝典33一种适应更广泛家族目标的投资策略 这是Stonehage Fleming集团的研究报告——《资本的四大支柱》中的明确结论,这一结论得到了实践经验的有力支持。各家族正籍此采取一种更具结构、更细致的方法,来制订其更广泛的长期目标,包括财务性及非财务性的目标,从其投资组合的管理中,也需要反映出这一远景。广义的家族财富通常可以分为四个要素:金融资本、智力资本、文化资本和社会资本。如果忽视了其他三项,金融资本将很难持续。 因此,如果不首先处理好更广泛的家庭问题,特别是商定家庭财富的目的、以及风险总控的框架(财务性和非财务性的风险),就很难制订适当的投资战略。如今,私人客户投资经理之间的竞争非常激烈,他们声称自己的投资业绩出众,以至于在许多情况下,他们的产品已变得相对标准化,适应个别客户家庭的特殊需求和情况的范畴有限,尤其是在考虑长期性因素的方面。相比之下,“财富管理公司”或“家族办公室”有着更广阔的视野,必须超越他们所直接负责的资金范畴。因此,他们更强调发展技能,以便更充分地全盘了解情况并提供投资办法,这是更广泛的家庭战略的一个组成部分。虽然优化业绩通常仍是主要目标,主流投资策略也将发挥核心作用,但财务回报以外的因素将影响到大多数重大的投资决策,而且往往影响立相当大。 财富的目的 有趣的是,大公司正由传统的“股东价值”模式,转向以《宗旨声明》为基础的管理方法,其中包括为更广泛的持股者和社会大众的利益服务。这一趋势已经在许多富裕家庭中得到了很好的发展,他们在一段时间内已经意识到:一份《宗旨声明》为其家族事务所有方面(包括投资管理)之决策所带来的价值。该声明可能相当详细,并将直接影响财富管理的战略。 保存遗产性资产 对于那些财富集中在遗产、家族企业或很小的某一方面的家庭,需要明确阐明这种集中的目的。他们还需要概述可能在未来的某一天需要改变政策的各种情况。例如,有些家庭坚持非常坚定的承诺,将其核心遗产性资产与业务世世代代由家族所有,因为他们认为这是其身份的一部分,也是他们在社区中扮演的角色,而不仅仅是经济回报的驱动因素。他们常常将这种遗产及其带来的所有责任,作为一种风险管理工具,与毫无目的地传承现金及流动性资产来相比较。另一些人则更愿意在情况合适的时候进行财富多元化,就像一份纯粹的财务评估报告通常会得出的结论那样(理财顾问们总是建议进行资产多元化,除非有充分的理由证明财富应重点集中于某一项资产或某个行业)。不管怎样,家族企业的存在带来了许多影响投资组合构建的因素。这是一个持续的过程,因为投资组合需要对业务中的任何重大变化做出反应,包括战略、盈利能力、现金流、股息政策、汇率与地缘风险、杠杆效率和市场情绪。这尤其适用于通过收购、重大投资或者转向不同的市场与货币、进而改变了家族企业风险状态的情况。投资组合至少需要避免复制业务中本已承担的那些风险,并可能有机会抵消掉其中的一些风险。即使是那些卖掉了家族企业的人,也有一些人认为,把一部分财富用于鼓励创新和支持成长型企业,既有利于社会,也有利于家族,这是对他们的遗产、对他们自己、对社会的回馈。他们认为这是他们的核心目标,他们更希望投资于企业而不是市场,这可能意味着所谓的“被动”投资的作用有限。 家族价值观——文化资本 《宗旨声明》将阐明家族的价值观,以及他们如何利用其财富为社会做出贡献,这将大大影响他们的投资决定。这意味着,对一些家庭来说,他们的期望超出了投资回报,还包括了非财务目标或“影响力目标”。对一些人来说,这些问题在ESG(环境、社会和治理)的标题下得到处理,而专门的ESG基金现已得到了投资经理的广泛推广,以应对日益增长的需求。然而,对于其他家庭,他们希望更主动、更独立地利用自己的财富,为符合自己价值观和目标的创业、项目和公司提供融资。这可能意味着对影响力投资和私募股权的高度承诺,但也可能涉及将投资集中到家族青睐的某些领域,以支持财富创造。 对社会的承诺——社会资本 一些家族在其《宗旨声明》中描述了家族如何利用其财富参与社会,特别是参与其所在社区的活动。这些关系和声誉可能需要几十年才能建立,它们将有助于最广泛意义上的家族财富的保存与增长,并有助于实现其既定的目标。同样,这可能意味着以一种特殊的方法、或投资集中于特定领域或地区,是家族所希望在社会中发挥其积极作用的。有些人希望活跃于当地社区或他们创造财富的行业,即使他们的核心业务已被出售。<未完待续> English Version An investment strategy to fit wider family objectives That is the clear conclusion of Stonehage Fleming’s research report ‘The Four Pillars of Capital’, a conclusion which is strongly supported by practical experience. Families are hence adopting a more structured and detailed approach to setting their broader long-term objectives, both financial and non-financial, and the management of their investment portfolios needs to reflect this perspective. The broader wealth of the family can usually be broken down into four elements: Financial Capital, Intellectual Capital, Cultural Capital, and Social Capital. Financial Capital will rarely be sustainable if the other three are neglected. It is therefore difficult to develop an appropriate investment strategy without first addressing the wider family issues, and in particular agreeing the purpose of family wealth and a framework for the management of total risk – financial and non-financial. Private client investment managers now compete so fiercely to claim superior investment performance that, in many cases, their offerings have become relatively standardized, with limited scope to adapt to the particular needs and circumstances of individual client families, especially in addressing long-term considerations. By comparison, ‘wealth managers’ or ‘family offices’ are there to take a broader view and must look beyond the pot of money for which they are directly responsible. They therefore place more emphasis on developing the skills to understand the context much more fully and to deliver an investment approach which is an integral part of a broader family strategy. While the optimization of performance will usually remain the prime objective and there will be a core role for mainstream investment strategies, factors other than financial return will affect most major investment decisions, often quite significantly. THE PURPOSE OF THE WEALTH It is interesting that large companies are now moving on from the traditional ‘shareholder value’ model towards a management approach based on a ‘statement of purpose’, which includes the need to serve the interests of wider stakeholders and the community in general. This trend is already well advanced in wealthy families, who have for some time realized the value which a statement of purpose brings to decision-making across all aspects of their affairs, including the management of investments. The statement may be quite detailed and will directly feed in to the wealth management strategy. RETENTION OF HERITAGE ASSETS For those families whose wealth is concentrated in a heritage asset, a family business or in a narrow sector, the purpose of this concentration needs to be explicitly stated. They also need to outline circumstances which may, at some future date, necessitate a change of policy. Some families, for example, maintain a very strong commitment to keeping their core heritage assets and business in family ownership, through the generations, because they see it as part of their identity and their role in the community, rather than just a driver of financial returns. They often see such a legacy, and all the responsibilities it brings, as a tool of risk management, by comparison to handing down cash and liquid assets with no sense of purpose attached. Others are far more open to diversifying their wealth when the circumstances are right, as a purely financial appraisal will often conclude (advisers invariably recommend diversification unless there are good reasons for wealth being heavily concentrated in a single asset or sector). Either way, the existence of a family business throws up numerous considerations which affect the construction of an investment portfolio. This is an ongoing process, as the investment portfolio will need to respond to any significant changes in the business, including strategy, profitability, cash flow, dividend policy, currency and geographic exposure, leverage and market sentiment. This will apply particularly where the risk profile of a family business is changing through acquisitions, major investments or shifting exposure to different markets and currencies. The investment portfolio needs, at the very least, to avoid replicating the risks being taken in the business and may have the opportunity to offset some of those risks. Even among those who have sold their family businesses, some believe they owe it to their heritage, to themselves and to the community to use a portion of their wealth to encourage innovation and support growth companies, which benefit society as well as the family itself. They see this as a core element of their purpose and they want to invest in businesses rather than markets, which may suggest a limited role for so called ‘passive’ investments. FAMILY VALUES Cultural capital The statement of purpose will articulate the values of the family and the way they use their wealth to contribute to society, which will significantly affect their investment decisions. This means that, for some families, their expectations go beyond investment returns to include non-financial aspirations or ‘impact goals’. For some, these issues are dealt with under the heading of ESG (environmental, social and governance) and dedicated ESG funds are now widely promoted by investment managers in response to growing demand. For other families, however, they want to use their wealth far more proactively and individually to finance ventures, projects and companies, which match their values and purpose. This may mean high levels of commitment to impact investment and private equity, but can also involve concentration of investment into certain sectors favored by the family, to support wealth creation. ENGAGEMENT WITH COMMUNITY Social Capital Some families describe in their statement of purpose the way the family uses its wealth to engage with society and in particular with the communities in which they operate. The relationships and reputation, which can take decades to build, will contribute to the preservation and growth of family wealth in its broadest sense and to achieving its stated objectives. Again, this may suggest a particular approach or concentration of investment in specified sectors or geographies where the family wants to play an active role in society. Some have a desire to be active in ...
解决家族分歧—顾问与受托人的不同角色(上篇)
《传承宝典》30——解决家族分歧: 顾问与受托人的不同角色(上篇) 马修(Matthew)是Stonehage Fleming集团的合伙人,负责帮助客户制定和实施计划,将他们的遗产传给下一代。他曾是一名军官,在成为职业板球运动员13年后,于2012年加入了家族企业。他曾在该公司担任多个职位,包括弗莱明媒体(Fleming Media)的执行合伙人、伊恩•弗莱明出版公司(Ian Fleming Publications)和詹姆斯•邦德企业(James Bond Enterprises)的董事。他在伊顿公学接受教育,1985年加入了皇家绿夹克军团(RGJ)。他还担任过许多外部非执行董事,包括10年的英格兰和威尔士板球委员会董事。他曾在2017年担任马利邦板球俱乐部(MCC)的主席。露西是Stonehage
Fleming家族理财办公室团队的公共关系经理,与国际超高净值家族紧密合作,从日常需求到更长期的继承计划,为他们提供多方面的帮助。在加入该集团之前,露西曾在德勤家族企业咨询部门工作,专注于家族企业的治理和继任规划,此前她曾在德勤(Deloitte)的私人客户税务部门工作。在此之前,她曾在巴克莱资本(BarclaysCapital)从事大宗经纪业务(Prime Brokerage)。露西是一名注册会计师,曾获国际信托及地产从业员协会(STEP)颁发的“2017 ~2018年度杰出青年顾问”奖项。 萨瓦斯是英国Stonehage Fleming家族办公室集团的高级经理人。他负责许多国际高净值客户,并与他们的家族成员和顾问保持密切合作。萨瓦斯于2015年加入本集团。除了管理重要的客户关系之外,萨瓦斯还是该集团数字化论坛的重要成员,负责研究和实施数字化解决方案。萨瓦斯最近被选中加入具有开创性的“接班人咨询委员会”,其任务是围绕该集团的业务提供全新的解决方案,接受挑战和保留人才。萨瓦斯是国际信托与房地产从业者协会(STEP)的正式成员,是英格兰和威尔士特许会计师协会(ICAEW)的特许会计师,并且持有STEP协会颁发的国际客户英国税务高级证书。他拥有会计学和金融学位。在加入本集团之前,萨瓦斯是一名审计和咨询经理,曾在天职国际(Baker Tilly)的泽西岛分部和德勤的塞浦路斯分部工作。每个家族都会存在争议,有些会引起摩擦,甚至可能破坏家族关系。这种分歧是生活的一部分,往往会随着时间的推移而消失,但偶尔也会变得根深蒂固,对家族活力、家族财富和家族遗产产生长期影响。当这些分歧影响到有关家族财富管理的关键决策时,由于受托人和顾问的具体决策或咨询作用以及他们与家族成员的关系,他们往往以各种形式参与其中。但在这种情况下,受托人或顾问的责任是什么?目标是什么?方法是什么?又应该如何开始? 分歧的性质 第一步是试着去理解谁和谁的意见不一致,关于什么,为了什么?这可能比乍一看时要困难得多。许多家族都知道:显然,存在争议的问题,可能只是根深蒂固之分歧的最近表现,因此,对具体问题进行冷静和理性的辩论可能并不容易。情况可能会更加复杂,因为由于各自的职业背景、教育程度或商业头脑,有些当事方比其他当事方对于争端事项有着更好的了解。在弥合这类理解上的差距方面,各种顾问们可能不得不发挥重要作用。如果争议是围绕财富展开的,理财顾问将试图找出存有争议的资产,并明确各人分歧之处。又例如,如果争议是关于家族企业中的职位或领导性角色,那么他/她或将尝试制订所有的决策流程并落实沟通的。 潜在的后果 如果顾问们能够对存在争议的问题有一个真正清晰的认识,他们就能更好地理解问题的利害关系、以及不去解决问题的潜在后果。一些争端的后果可能是有限的,至少在财务损失方面是如此,大家或许可以划出一条线,让每个人都得以放下疑虑,继续前进。另一方面,某一争端也许是根深蒂固并普遍存在的,其后果可能是无止境的,在这种情况下,处理这一问题的唯一可行办法,就是解决问题的根源,不论问题有多么困难。例如,一个人对某一特定问题的看法,隐含了对另一项决定的不满情绪,这种情况并不罕见,甚至这种不满可能与该问题完全无关,而且可能发生在遥远的过去。 定义一个成功的结果 对于成功的结果可能会有不同的定义,特别是在处理家族内部关系之中,在财务上的公平解决方案和避免财务损失之间来进行权衡的话。一位或多位个人的目标与整个家族的成功结果之间通常存在差异。对于家族而言,最成功的结果是一项能使家族主要原则和价值观念保持不变的决策。那时,所有家族成员都有发言权,遗产不会受到侵害,并且仍然存在一个可以按计划保护和发展家族资本的架构。由于受托人通常代表整个家族,因此这最终应该是他们的目标,而顾问仅代表个人,因而他们的目标可能会有所不同。 受托人/顾问应否参与? 当涉及到家族纠纷时,受托人和顾问的职责有着明显的不同。前者以其信托的资格与争端相关联,因此会被要求做出决策,此决策要么解决问题要么使问题加剧。在这时,他们必须考虑到其在信托契约条款下的义务,以及他们对所有受益人的法律责任,这将优先于任何试图调和家族成员意见的愿望。顾问则提供建议而非做决定,因此不会受到同样的法律约束。不过,根据合同,顾问可以与家族、家族成员或受托人产生联系。可能会有其他顾问更适合进行干预或者代表一方或多方。这就要求顾问对自己的影响力和与某些家族成员的关系做出诚实的自我评估。他们还必须考虑到意图提供帮助而结果适得其反的危险,尤其是如果他/她缺乏相关的专项技能或干预经验。受托人和顾问都必须扪心自问:如果无所作为产生的风险导致他们偏离了自己的职责范围,那么这种风险是否会好过介入纠纷的风险。在某些情况下,即使这样做将不利于他们自身的利益,他们都有可能需要远离纠纷、不闻不问,但由于需要持续履行信托的义务,因此要受托人绕道离开就会困难得多。 English Version Resolving family differences: the role of advisers and trustees Matthew Fleming Partner - Head of Family Governance & Succession Matthew is a Partner in the Group, responsible for helping clients develop and implement plans for passing on their legacy to subsequent generations. A former army officer, he joined the family firm in 2012 after thirteen years as a professional cricketer. He has held various positions within the business, including Managing Partner of Fleming Media and a Director of Ian Fleming Publications and James Bond Enterprises. Educated at Eton, he was commissioned into the Royal Green Jackets in 1985. He has also had a number of external non-executive appointments, including ten years as a Director of the England and Wales Cricket Board. He was President of the MCC in 2017. Lucy Birtwistle Senior Associate – Family Office Lucy is a Relationship Manager in the Family Office team, working closely with international ultra-high net worth families, assisting them on a range of aspects from their everyday needs to their longer term succession plans. Before joining the Group, Lucy worked at Deloitte in the Family Enterprise Consulting division focusing on governance and succession planning for family businesses, having previously worked in their private client tax practice. Prior to this, she worked in Prime Brokerage at Barclays Capital. Lucy is a Chartered Accountant and won the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners ‘Young Advisor of the Year’ award 2017/18. Savvas Mallas Senior Associate - Family Office Savvas is a Director in the Family Office Division. He is responsible for a number of international high-net-worth clients, working with their families and their advisers around the globe. Savvas joined the Stonehage Fleming Group in 2015. As well as managing significant client relationships, Savvas is a key member of the Group’s digital forum, tasked with researching and implementing digital solutions. Savvas has recently been selected to join a pioneering ‘Next Gen Advisory Committee’, tasked with providing fresh solutions around the group’s service offering, operating challenges and talent retention. Savvas is a full member of the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP), a qualified chartered accountant with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England & Wales (ICAEW) and holds a STEP Advanced Certificate in UK Tax for International Clients. He has a degree in Accounting and Finance. Prior to joining Stonehage Fleming, Savvas was an audit and advisory manager, working for Baker Tilly in Jersey and Deloitte in Cyprus. In every family, there are differences of view which sometimes cause friction and may even damage relationships. Such differences are part of life and often pass, over time, but occasionally they become deeply entrenched, having a long-term impact on the family, its dynamics, its wealth and its legacy. When such differences affect key decisions regarding the management of family wealth, in all its forms, trustees and advisers are often drawn in, because of their specific decision making or advisory role and because of their relationships with family members. But what are the responsibilities of a trustee or adviser in such circumstances? What should be their objectives? What should be their approach and how should they get started? DEFINING CIRCUMSTANCES AND RESPONSIBILITIES NATURE OF THE DISAGREEMENT The first step is to try to understand who is disagreeing with whom, about what and why? This may be more difficult than it appears at first sight. As so many families will be aware, the issue apparently under dispute may be only the latest manifestation of deep rooted differences, so a calm and rational debate of the particular issue may not be easy. The situation can be further complicated because some parties have a much better understanding than others of the matters under dispute, as a result of their respective career backgrounds, education or business acumen. Advisers may have to play an important part in bridging such a gap in understanding. If the dispute is over wealth, the adviser will try to identify the disputed capital and crystallize the points of difference. If the dispute is over position or leadership roles in the family business, for example, then he or she will try to establish how the decisions have been made and communicated. POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES If advisers can build a really clear picture of what is being disputed, they can achieve a better understanding of what is at stake and the potential consequences of not resolving the problem. The consequences of some disputes can be limited, at least in terms of financial loss, perhaps enabling a line to be drawn so that everyone can move on. On the other hand the dispute may be deep rooted and pervasive, so much so that the consequences are potentially unending, in which case the only possible way of dealing with it is to tackle the causes of the problem, however difficult that may be. For example it is not unusual for an individual’s view of a particular matter to be clouded by unspoken resentment of another decision, perhaps quite unrelated and perhaps in the distant past. DEFINING A SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME There might be alternative definitions of a successful outcome, particularly if there is a trade-off between family relationships, a financially equitable solution and the avoidance of financial loss. There is often a difference betw...