瑞士公立教育系统(下)
瑞士公立教育系统(下) 导语: 在上期的公众号中,我们为大家介绍了瑞士公立教育系统中的中小学义务教育。在本期的公众号,我们将接着介绍义务教育结束之后的高中教育以及高等教育。 D. 高中教育 1. 高级文理中学 1.1 简介 高级文理中学旨在培养学生在任何院系中进行大学学习的能力。学校的目标是为学生提供获得完备的基础知识的机会,培养他们的开放意识和独立判断的能力。高级文理中学提供均衡、连贯的通识教育,授予学生接受高等教育所需的高中文凭,让他们为承担社会责任做好准备。与此同时,这些学校还注重培养学生的智力、意志力、道德和审美感受力以及体能。 1.2 课程设置 高级文理中学课程整体包括:核心科目、特定选修课、补充选修课以及毕业论文。 在学习初期,学生可以在以下学科中选择不同的研究领域: 第二语言、第三语言。 “社会与经济科学”或“数学与实验科学”研究领域。 还可学习“艺术”和体育。 以下是相关学习科目: 语言(2科)+“社会与经济科学”或“数学与实验科学”(6或5科)+“艺术”(2科)+体育(2科)=11或12科 毕业 1.3 文凭认可 高级文理中学文凭的持有者具备进行大学学习所需的一般性知识与技能。特别是,这些文凭赋予了其持有者进入以下任何大学权利: 世界各综合大学 联邦理工学院 2. 职业高中 2.1 简介 瑞士的职业高中提供广泛的通识教育以及与各种高等教育专业领域相关的教育,以便学生能够为以后的继续教育提前做好准备。此外,职业高中还强调学生个性的发展。因此,课程设置侧重于能力的培养与获得、多样化的教学方法、适当的教育结构和专业实践。 职业高中将为以下专业领域的教育打下基础: 与专业领域相关的科目能够让学生为今后的学习和活动,以及在高等教育部门参加进一步培训做好准备。 2.2 使命 这些职业高中的使命是: 为学生提供全面的通识教育。 培养学生的个人技能及社交技能。 这些职业高中能够为学生提供专业领域所需的知识和技能,帮助他们为今后做好准备。 2.3 课程设置 课程设置选择与高级文理中学基本一致。 3. 学徒制 3.1 简介 学徒制是瑞士的双轨制体系,包括职业教育和培训两个部分,在允许年轻人在职业学校就读的同时,也允许他们在公司接受培训。它既能为年轻人提供高质量的培训,又能让他们直接进入劳动力市场,这也是瑞士经济如此成功的一个重要因素。由于职业的不同,学徒期有2到4年不等。可以说,完成这一课程的年轻人的失业率会大大降低。 3.2 进一步深造的机会 选择走学徒途径的人总是可以通过额外的课程提高他们的培训水平。职业道路多种多样,人人都可以选择。有了专业的高中毕业文凭,就有可能获得学士学位。因此,这些学徒也可以达到与大学或理工学院学生相同的水平。 但完成学徒期的人不一定需要继续学习。他们可以专注于他们所学的专业,并在专业学校进一步深造。因此,这些工人具有更高的资格、更好的职业前景,能够获得更高的工资。 在瑞士,学生们仍然可以凭借自身的专业经验得到职业晋升,而不仅仅是凭借自身的受教育程度。 E. 高等教育 1. 大学与联邦理工学院 瑞士有12所公认的大学:10所州立大学和2所联邦理工学院(ETH/EPFL)。大学是传统的学术性大学,主要从事基础研究,而应用科学大学则主要面向应用型研究。 学习所需语言: → 巴塞尔大学、伯尔尼大学、卢塞恩大学、圣加仑大学和苏黎世大学以及瑞士苏黎世联邦理工学院(ETHZ)位于瑞士的德语区。 → 日内瓦大学、洛桑大学和纳沙泰尔大学以及瑞士洛桑联邦理工学院(EPFL)位于瑞士的法语区。 → 弗里堡大学位于弗里堡双语区(法语和德语)。 → 提契诺大学(USI)位于讲意大利语的提契诺州。 如今,各专业硕士学位课程都是以英语授课,而在学士学位一般由瑞士本国语言(法/德/意)授课。 1.1 学士与硕士课程 根据《博洛尼亚宣言》,瑞士大学教育遵循双阶段模式(two-cycle model),即提供本硕连读课程。该宣言允许欧洲大学的学生自由进入其他欧洲大学学习。学士全日制学习的时间一般为三年,硕士全日制学习则需要一年半到两年的时间。 1.2 本科录取条件 各州大学和联邦理工学院在录取本科生时,要求有瑞士高中文凭或同等学历证书,并且应当熟练掌握学习所需的语言。每所大学都规定了具体的录取要求。 在瑞士,所有课程的录取都是不受限制的,只有少数课程(医学研究、脊椎按摩、某些体育及运动科学)例外。对于有入学考试的课程,每年都会根据申请人数决定是否需要考试。由于学习名额有限,对外国学生(非瑞士居民)有特殊的录取要求。 1.3 硕士录取条件 攻读硕士学位需要先取得学士学位。硕士阶段的学习可以在本科就读学校进行,也可以在另一所大学进行。原则上,硕士阶段的学习可以更改本科研究方向,因此,在录取之前,学生可能需要在本科期间掌握额外的知识和技能。要想从不同专业类型的大学转学,必须符合明确规定的条件及额外要求。 1.4 博士录取条件 对于某些硕博连读专业,学生完成硕士学位课程并达到一定额外要求后,可直接进入博士研究阶段。各个大学负责自己的博士生录取工作。如果科研资格足够,拥有其他类型大学的硕士学位也可以进入博士阶段学习。 2. 应用科技大学 除了传统的大学之外,瑞士还有另一类大学——应用科学大学。这类大学提供以实践和应用为导向的学习课程,为学生提供专业资格。应用科学大学在各个领域提供以实践为导向的学士与硕士课程,以及广泛的继续教育的机会。在瑞士有8所区域性的应用科学大学,它们为那些已经完成初步职业培训并已取得职业高中文凭的人提供了进入大学学习的机会。 2.1 学士与硕士课程 根据《博洛尼亚宣言》,应用科学大学教育也按照双阶段模式,提供本硕连读课程。与传统大学不同的是,应用科学大学不提供博士课程。 学士课程 学士课程通常可以获得授予专业资格的文凭。学习期间,学生们可直接参加专业实践。全日制学习时间为三年,第四年为实习就业时间。 硕士课程学士学位课程结束后,应用科学大学业提供硕士课程学习。硕士课程教授深入、专业、以研究为基础的知识,为学生获得高级专业资格文凭做准备,学习时间长达一年半。硕士课程的范围有限,因为帮助学生获得职业资格的学士学位仍然是应用科学大学的标准。 2.2 本科录取条件 录取条件详见《联邦大学促进与协调法》(the Federal Law on the Promotion and Coordination of Universities)和《应用科学大学录取条例》(the Ordinance on Admission to Universities of Applied Sciences)。 应用科学大学的录取不需要入学考试,但需要有与所选研究领域相关的职业高中文凭。没有完成相关职业初始文凭的学生,必须在该研究领域有至少一年的工作经验。 拥有高级文理中学文凭的毕业生,必须在与所学专业相关的职业中拥有至少一年的工作经验才能被录取。 2.3 硕士录取条件 硕士课程的录取要求在同一研究领域取得学士学位或同等学历证书。此外,应用科学大学还可能会设定额外的要求。 F. 私立教育学生、外国学生录取条件 对于私立教育学生、外国学生的录取和认可都有特定的要求。必须明确指出的是,在任何情况下,大学的录取要求都优先于瑞士国家评估。 国家评估提供的信息包括:具备哪些国家的高中毕业证书以及在哪些条件下,学生才有资格被不同的瑞士大学录取。这些评估只针对一年级的学生。更多录取信息由相关大学提供。 G. 结语 由于瑞士教育体系提供了各种可能,因此可以总结出瑞士教育的两大特点: 高度的灵活性:对于那些想要接受培训、更换学校或课程、完成另一学位的人来说,有多种途径可以选择; 开放的各种教育机会:如果学生具备必需的资格,他们就可以参加自己选择的课程;如果是高等教育,学生们也可以选择自己的研究领域。在职业培训方面,存在的少数限制是由于所提供的学徒名额有限;但在某些研究领域,限制性条件则是某些大学所实行的法定条款。 尽管瑞士公立教育系统看起来非常复杂,但却结构清晰、运作良好。选择瑞士公共教育,您能让您的孩子获得更加广泛的受教育的机会。 如果您有任何问题,可以咨询我们的教育顾问,他们有着第一手的瑞士教育系统经验,可以为您解答所有疑问。借鉴这些经验,我们将能引导您的孩子在学习和未来职业方面走上一条最佳的道路。 Original English Text Swiss Public Schools System II D. Upper Secondary Education – Post obligatory education 1. Gymnasium 1. Introduction The goal of the gymnasium is to develop within the students the ability to undertake university studies in any faculty. The aim of the schools is to offer their students the opportunity to acquire a sound basic knowledge and to develop their open-mindedness and capacity for independent judgement. These schools provide a balanced and coherent general education, which gives students the maturity required to undertake higher education and prepares them to assume responsibilities in todays society. The schools simultaneously develop their students intelligence, will power, ethical and aesthetic sensibility as well as their physical abilities. 1.2 Curriculum The core subjects, the specific options, the complementary options as well as the maturity thesis make up the whole of the disciplines of the Gymnasium maturity. At the beginning of their studies, students can choose different fields of studies: A secondary and third language. Field of study “social and economic sciences” or “mathematics and experimental sciences”. They also are subject to the field of study “Arts” and physical education. These are the following subjects: 1.3 Certificate recognition Recognised certificates show that their holders have the necessary general knowledge and skills to undertake university studies. In particular, they give the right of admission to any: - University - Federal Institutes of Technology 2. Professional high school 2.1 Introduction The professional high schools in Switzerland provide a broad general education and an education related to the various tertiary level professional fields for which it prepares students. In addition, the professional high schools emphasise personality development. The curriculum focuses on the development and acquisition of competences, on diversified teaching methods, on appropriate school structures and on professional practice. The professional high schools prepare for education in the following professional fields: The subjects related to professional fields prepare students for their future area of study and activity as well as for further training in the tertiary sector. 2.2 Mission The mission of these professional high schools is: To equip students with a thorough general education. For students develop their personal and social skills. To provide students with the knowledge and skills specific to the professional fields for which these professional high schools prepare them for. 2.3 Curriculum 3. Apprenticeship 3.1 Introduction The apprenticeship, the Swiss dual system of vocational education and training allows young people to be trained in a company while attending a vocational school. It offers both quality training and direct access to the labour market, a success factor for the Swiss economy. Depending on the profession, an apprenticeship can last between two to four years. It guarantees a very low unemployment rate among young people who have completed this course. 3.2 Futher opportunities Those who choose the apprenticeship route can always improve their level of training with additional courses. The career paths are varied and accessible to all. With the professional maturity diploma, it is possible to obtain a Bachelors degree. These apprentices can therefore reach the same level as u...
瑞士公立教育系统(上)
瑞士公立教育系统(上) A. 简介 瑞士高度重视公立教育。由于受到政府资助,瑞士公立教育常常被认为比任何著名的私立寄宿学校都要优质。瑞士高度重视免费公立教育的重要性,这也是瑞士在教育领域享有盛誉的重要原因。考虑到瑞士公立教育系统的复杂性,以及孩子们在择校时所面临的众多可能,雷梭勒家族办公室希望通过本文件介绍瑞士公立教育系统,帮助家族做出正确的选择,使家族下一代能够更好地融入瑞士社会。 1. 学校的使命 学校负责所有学生的教育、指导以及文化知识的传播,确保学生积累知识、获得技能,使每个人都能充分发挥自己的潜能。 为此,学校特别在以下方面开设了相关课程,确保学生的发展: 法语/德语文化,涉及阅读和写作的能力,口头与书面理解和表达的能力; 语言技能与文化,包括用外语进行口头与书面交流的技能; 数学文化,包括对基本数学概念和方法的掌握,设计情境和解决问题的能力; 基于人文社会科学和自然科学的科学文化; 艺术文化,涉及对各种形式的文化遗产的感知和表达,包括视觉、造型艺术和音乐; 体育知识,确保并保持身体健康。 学校的目标主要在于帮助孩子获得知识和技能、技术和方法,培养他们的体能,同时通过让孩子对自己和周围世界建立认知,塑造他们的判断力和个性,促使他们在社会中找到自己的定位。 2. 愿景与价值观 学校提倡创造一个有利于学习的和平的校园环境,旨在在对话与尊重的基础上,唤起学生们的好奇心、责任感和自主性,促使每位学生都能实现个人的发展。 核心价值观: B. 结构 瑞士的教育体系非常灵活。 无论你选择哪种方案,都有可能进入大学学习。 C. 义务教育系统(4-15岁) 1. 小学 1至8年级为小学阶段(普通教育)。小学教育的第一阶段致力于学生的初步发展,在娱乐与教学相结合的环境中培养他们的技能。孩子们将会逐步学习基本的社交技能和学习方法。他们完成第一年学业所需的时间取决于他们的智力发展与情感成熟度;如果有必要,孩子们将会得到特殊措施的支持。 在小学教育的下一个阶段,孩子们会逐渐接触不同的科目。幼儿园或小学阶段后教授的科目一般有以下几项: 原则上,一个班级只安排一名教师密切关注学生的进步情况。在义务教育的前6年里,孩子们的表现由教师通过个人评估进行衡量。 外国孩子特别班: 因语言或学术知识不足,难以直接融入普通班级的5-11岁的外国学生有机会参加预备班。这些班级将会尽可能早地提供法语、数学学习,巩固并提升必要的学校知识,使学生能够成功融入到与他们的年龄和能力相适应的普通班级中。 1.1 中学预科教育(7-8年级) 这一阶段是为进入中学做准备。为此,将会设立一个教育团队负责一个班级的学生,陪伴他们度过两年的学习时光(原则上是在同一个学校)。这一教育结构与使用法语教学的课程相一致,确保通过这两年的学习更好地保持教学上的连贯性。 1.2 中学 根据学生小学毕业时的表现、老师的推荐(可能还会有过渡性考试),班级的水平会有所不同:根据成绩水平不同进行分班定制化教育。 中学阶段旨在培养年轻人的个性,鼓励他们不断学习,增强他们的责任感,培养他们的主动性,教授他们发现并解决问题、处理冲突、独立工作以及参与小组工作的能力。此外,这一阶段也是为学生过渡到继续教育做准备。 中学阶段的教学内容包括以下学科领域和分支: 2. 教育支持 各州负责为有特殊教育需求的孩子和青少年提供学校教育。每个州都有自己的标准专业教育措施,以满足孩子的特殊需求。 3. 新技术 手机和电子设备的使用须遵守以下规定: 计算机网络受到保护和监控; 每个学生都有权使用学校发放的学生系统密码; 家长须对孩子手机和其他设备的滥用负责。 4. 图书馆 每个学校中心都有一个适合学生的图书馆。若学生希望将图书馆的书借阅回家观看,图书管理员会提供帮助。 5. 学校生活 学校能为学生组织各种活动,以提高他们对文化、社会和自然环境的认识:6. 行政管理 6.1 意外险 家长有责任通过自己的健康保险或私人意外险来承担全部的意外风险。因此,学校不承担学生的意外险。发生任何事故都将由家长直接向学生所投保的健康与意外险公司报案。 6.2 个人责任险 对建筑物、家具和设备造成的任何损坏,将由责任人承担维修费用。造成损坏的学生的家长或法定监护人要对此负责,因此强烈建议学生家庭购买第三方保险。 6.3 眼镜破损 在学校里(体育课、运动课或娱乐活动中)发生眼镜破损的情况,学校不予赔偿。 6.4 公共交通 使用公共交通工具的费用由家长承担。有些城市会对购买旅行卡给予补贴。 Original English Text Swiss Public Schools System A. Introduction ThePublic Education is highly valued in Switzerland and is considered
better than any of the prestigious private boarding schools thanks to
government funding. Switzerland highly values the importance of free,
public education available to anyone which is what gives Switzerland itshigh reputation. This document is to informed about the Swiss public
education system. Due to its complexity and the many possibilities the
children are exposed to, La Soleille Family office role is to assist thefamilies in making the right choice for the integration of next
generation in the Swiss Society. 1. The Schools Mission Theschool is responsible for the education, instruction and cultural
transmission of knowledge for all pupils. It ensures the building of
knowledge and the acquisition of skills enabling each individual to
develop his or her potential to its fullest. In particular, the school establishes and ensures the development of: aFrench culture involving the ability to read and write, as well as the
capacity to understand and express oneself orally and in writing; Language skills and culture including oral and written communication skills in a foreign language; aMathematical culture involving the control of basic mathematical
concepts and approaches as well as the ability to design situations and
solve problems; a Scientific culture based on both the human and social sciences and the natural sciences; anArtistic culture combining perception and expression of the various
forms of the cultural heritage, both in the visual and plastic arts and
in music; Sport knowledge that ensure the well-being of the body and the preservation of its health. Theschool aims in particular to enable the child to acquire knowledge and
skills, techniques and methods to develop his or her physical abilities.It shapes their judgement and personality, through awareness of
themselves and the world around them, to enable them to find their placein society. 2. Vision & Values Theschool circle promotes the creation of a peaceful school environment
that is conducive to learning. The aim is to awaken curiosity, a sense
of responsibility and autonomy to allow for the personal development of
each individual, based on dialogue and respect. The core values are: B. Schema Swiss Education System is very flexible. No matter which option you select, studying at the University is still possible. C. Mandatory School System (4-15 years old) 1. Primary School Years 1 to 8 are the primary level (regular education). The first phase of the education of the pupils is dedicated to their initial development. Skillsare fostered through a recreational and pedagogically stimulating
environment. The children learn the basic social skills and school work
methods step by step. The time they need to complete the first years of
school depends on their intellectual development and emotional maturity;if necessary, children are supported by special measures. Duringthe next phase of primary level, the children are gradually introduced
to different subjects. The subjects taught after the kindergarten or
elementary cycle are generally the following: Inprinciple, only one teacher is assigned to a class to closely follow
the progression for the pupils. During the first 6 years of their
schooling, the children’s performance are measured based on the teachers personal assessment. Special classes for foreign language children: From age 5 to 11, foreign languagepupils whose linguistic and sometimes academic knowledge is
insufficient to enable them to be integrated directly into the regular
classes have the opportunity to attend reception classes. These classes
provide the earliest possible learning of French, mathematics,
consolidation and upgrading of the school knowledge necessary. This
enables a successful integration into a regular class corresponding to
the age and possibilities of the pupil. 1.1 Pre-Secondary School - Year 7 to 8 Thisperiod is used to prepare for entry into secondary school. For this
purpose, an educational team is responsible for the pupils in a class
and accompanies them for two years, in principle in the same school.
This structure, in line with the French-speaking curriculum, ensures a
two-year learning process and greater pedagogical consistency. 1.2 Secondary School Basedon the performance at the end of primary school, the teachers
recommendation, and sometimes a transitional examination, the level of
the classes will vary: Education is provided on the basis of performance levels. Secondarylevel aims at developing the personality of young people and encouragesthem to learn more and more throughout their lives. It aims to
strengthen their sense of responsibility, develop their sense of
initiative and teach them to identify and solve problems, deal with
conflicts and work alone or in groups. Additionally, it prepares
students for the transition to further education. The following subject areas and branches are taught at secondary level: 2. Educational Support Thecantons are responsible for the schooling of children and young people
with special educational needs. Every canton has it’s own standard
specialised education measures in case of special needs for the children. 3. New Technologies The use of mobile phones and electronic devices is subject to regulation: Computer networks are protected and monitored. Each student is responsible for the use of his/her school issued password. Parents are responsible for the misuse of mobile phones and other devices. 4. Library Each school centre has a library suitable for students. Book lending at home is organized by the librarians. 5. School Life Various activities can be offered to pupils to raise their awareness of their cultural, social and physical environment: 6. Administration 6.1 Accident Insurance Parentsare responsible for the full coverage of accident risks through their
own health insurance or private accident insurance. Consequently,
students are not insured against accidents at school. Any accident will
be reported directly to the students health and accident insurance by
the parents. 6.2 Personal Liability Insurance Any damage caused to the buildings, furniture and equipment will be repaired at the expense of the person responsible. A p...